(a)(i) Explain what is meant by saturated solution

(ii) Describe in outline, a suitable procedure for preparing a saturated solution of sodium trioxonitrate(V) at 30°C.

(ii) State two techniques that can be used to recover crystals of sodium trioxonitrate(V) from its saturated solution.

 

(b) 1.0dm\(^3\) of an aqueous solution at 90°C contains 404g of potassium trioxonitrate(V) and 245g of potassium trioxochlorate (V).

(i) Determine which of the two salts will separate out when the solution is cooled to 60°C. N = 14. O = 16, CI = 35.5, K = 39; Solubility of KNO\(_3\) in water at 60\(^o\)C = 5.14 mol.dm\(^{-3}\), Solubility of KCIO\(_3\) in water at 60°C = 1.61 mol.dm\(^{-3}\)

(ii) Calculate the mass of salt that will separate out at 60°C

 

(c)(i) List two salts which cause hardness of water.

(ii) Explain why temporary hardness of water result in the furring of kettle.